采购与供应文凭
Diploma in Procurement and Supply
供应源搜寻
Sourcing in Procurement and Supply
请在回答问题之前花费20分钟来仔细阅读分析案例信息。
You are advised to allow 20 minutes to read carefully and analyse the information in the case study before attempting to answer the questions .
案例分析——GFATM
抵抗艾滋病、肺结构和疟疾全球基金组织（The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria ，简称GFATM）是一家国际性组织，其目的在于吸收和分配各种资源来预防和治疗艾滋病、肺结构和疟疾疾病。该组织的总部位于瑞士的日纳瓦，其资金来源于政府的拨款和公众的捐赠。
GFATM致力于发展其供应源搜寻和采购实践。它在近期进行了一次全面检查以探索如何能提高效率，并为员工开发更强的商业技能，从而实现在成本和付款方面更大的透明度。
疟疾由蚊子传播，每年死于此疾病的人口数量达几千人，其中大部分是儿童。为此而开展的预防项目的首要采购活动是全球最大的蚊帐采购招标活动，预计在两年中可为GFATM节省开支达1.4亿美元。该项目将提供1.9亿顶蚊帐，为非洲和亚洲30个国家的4亿人口提供疟疾的预防，预计130万儿童的生命将得到挽救。
一个新的供应源搜寻流程已建立，以组织这次结构化的蚊帐采购活动，并使得力量对比从卖方转移到买方。这个流程关注于减少单个制造商和蚊帐供应商的市场操纵程度。在这个采购项目中，GFATM更加关注本地的制造商和供应商。由新的供应源搜寻流程而产生的长期合同将进一步改善可见性、生产、能力计划以及定价。
这次供应源搜寻活动的另一目的是通过订购更多标准化尺寸的蚊帐以及简化制造过程来降低成本，从而实现更大的价值。以前蚊帐规格种类是很多的，通过标准化和降低价格，同样的预算能够多采购三分之一的蚊帐。通过利用这种大规模采购所获得的优势，新供应源搜寻流程能提供更大的资金价值、更多的节约，并减少供应链瓶颈和缺陷。
新供应源搜寻流程还要实现一个均衡的可持续供应链。合同将授予很多的供应商，这样能够支持创新、优化生产能力，并减少GFATM供应链中的风险。
此外，新供应源搜寻流程支持在蚊帐需求量很大的国家进行本地化生产，这样能够降低运输成本，并利用当地专家的建议。
然而，更多地使用本地小型供应商需要更仔细地管理，以确保供应商的财务稳定性。这次蚊帐供应源搜寻是GFATM采取的更积极的采购方式的一部分。GFATM要在药品供应商中也采用类似的供应源搜寻实践。
GFATM的采购团队对这种供应源搜寻方式进行了一次战略性的检查，以便于更好的理解市场环境。战略性检查过程的目的是促进整个供应链的能力发展，包括促进供应链更好的协调和合作。对战略性检查过程预期的成果包括对利益相关者需求更好的理解、掌握更全面的供应市场信息、实现通用的供应源搜寻流程、降低成本以及提高创新。
这是一个协作性的方法，能够帮助GFATM实现其目标，并减少其大量的工作负担。
来源：
www.supplymanagement.com – 2014-10-14
www.globalfund.org – 2015-01
www.guardian.com –2013-11-15
CASE STUDY – GFATM
The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria (GFATM) is an international organisation that aims to attract and distribute resources to prevent and treat HIV and AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria. The organisation has its headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland. It is financed by government grants and public donations.
GFATM intends to develop its sourcing and procurement activities. It has recently carried out a review to explore how efficiency could be improved, to develop increased commercial expertise in its field staff, and therefore achieve greater transparency on costs and payments.
Malaria, which is carried by mosquitoes, kills many thousands of people every year, many of whom are children. One of its first sourcing activities under this new approach was to carry out the world’s largest tender for the supply of mosquito nets, designed to produce estimated savings of $140 million for GFATM over two years. The project would provide 190 million bed nets and protect 400 million people at risk of malaria in 30 African and Asian countries. The lives of an estimated 1.3 million children could be saved.
A new sourcing process was established to organise the structured purchase of mosquito nets, shifting the power from seller to buyer. The process focused on reducing the market dominance of individual manufacturers and mosquito net suppliers. There would be a strong focus by GFATM on local production and suppliers using this new approach. Long-term contracts resulting from the new sourcing process would improve visibility, production, capacity planning and pricing.
Another aim of the sourcing exercise was to generate overall value by ordering more nets of a standard size and simplifying manufacturing processes to cut costs. Previously the number of mosquito net specifications was very wide. Through standardisation and reduced prices, a third more nets could be bought within the same budget. By using large-scale purchasing power, the new process would provide better value for money, providing savings and the reduction of supply chain bottlenecks and shortages.
The new sourcing process was also meant to achieve a balanced sustainable supply chain. Contracts would be spread among a number of suppliers and this would support innovation, optimise capacity and reduce risk in GFATM’s supply chain.
In addition, the sourcing process would support domestic production in countries with high demand for mosquito nets, which would lower transportation costs and utilise advice from local experts.
However, the move towards using smaller local suppliers would need to be managed carefully in order to ensure the suppliers’ financial stability. The mosquito net sourcing exercise was part of a more proactive approach to procurement being adopted by GFATM. The organisation aims to follow it up with a similar sourcing exercise for medical supplies.
The GFATM sourcing team has introduced a strategic review of its approach to sourcing and is trying to gain a better understanding of market dynamics. The strategic review process aims to promote capability development throughout the supply chain, including better coordination and cooperation. Expected outcomes of the strategic review process include the better understanding of stakeholder needs, comprehensive supply market intelligence, a common sourcing process, reduced costs, and improved innovation.
This is a collaborative approach which should help GFATM to achieve common objectives and eliminate duplication of effort.
问题 QUESTIONS
以下所有问题都与案例有关，应当根据案例提供的信息回答问题。建议你每题用32分钟作答。
These questions relate to the case study and should be answered in the context of the information provided. You are advised to spend 32 minutes on each question.
1. 论述在授予供应商合同时GFATM可能采用的四个标准。（20分）
Discuss FOUR criteria that GFATM might apply when awarding the contracts to suppliers.
2. 建立的新的和结构化供应源流程是GFATM新的积极采购方式的一部分。这涉及到制定从外部供
应商采购产品和服务的供应源搜寻计划。
描述GFATM这样的供应源搜寻计划中应当包含的五个要素。（20分）
A new and structured sourcing process was established by GFATM as part of its new proactive approach
to procurement. This would involve the development of sourcing plans for goods and services from
external suppliers.
Describe FIVE elements that GFATM should include in such sourcing plans.
3. 案例分析中提供的信息表明更多地使用本地小型供应商需要仔细地管理，目的是确保供应商财务
的稳定性。
The case study information states that the move towards using smaller local suppliers would need to be
managed carefully in order to ensure the suppliers’ financial stability.
a) 描述用来评估供应商财务稳定性的三种信息来源；（9分）
Describe THREE sources of financial information about suppliers which could be used to assess their
financial stability.
b) 描述GFATM用来评估供应商财务稳定性的两种流动比率指标；（6分）
Describe TWO liquidity ratios that GFATM might use to assess a supplier’s financial stability.
c) 解释在评估供应商财务稳定性时使用流动比率指标对于GFATM的重要性。（5分）
Explain the significance of liquidity ratios to GFATM in assessing the financial stability of a supplier.
4.
a) GFATM首要的采购活动之一是进行全球最大的蚊帐采购招标，GFATM要在药品供应商中也采
用类似的供应源搜寻实践。
概述GFATM在从外部供应商中进行供应源搜寻时可以使用的四种电子系统；（8分）
One of GFATM’s first sourcing activities was to carry out the world’s largest tender for the supply of
mosquito nets. The organisation aims to follow it up with another sourcing exercise for medical supplies.
Outline FOUR electronic systems that GFATM could use to source its requirements from external
suppliers.
b) 解释GFATM在从外部供应商中进行供应源搜寻时使用电子系统可以获得的三种收益。（12分）
Explain THREE benefits that GFATM might gain by using electronic systems to source its requirements
from external suppliers.
5. 案例中的信息表明，GFATM是一个支持在某些国家进行本地化生产的国际组织。
分析当GFATM从国际供应商采购时需要考虑的四种有关法律、监管或组织要求方面的因素。
（20分）
The case study information states that GFATM is an international organisation which supports local
production in several countries.
Analyse FOUR legislative, regulatory or organisational requirements that GFATM will need to take into
account when sourcing from international suppliers.
试卷结束
END OF QUESTION PAPER
